Department of Architecture

COURSE DESCRIPTION (SYNOPSIS)

ARC 101 GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION I (2 Units)

Studio work in two and three dimensional graphics vocabulary. Emphasis is on the conceptual and perceptual techniques in measured and freehand drawings. Each student is to maintain an A3 size portfolio of drawing containing: Freehand; sketches of buildings and their surrounding; Measured drawings in isometric and axonometric projections and, Drawings in varying media (ink, water, colour, oil poster. etc.)

ARC 102 GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION II (2 Units)

Continuation of ARC 101, more exercises in freehand drawing including interior perspectives. Advanced consideration of colour, line, value, texture and form as effective elements of visual communication. Exposing students to advanced colour properties and ways they can be used to achieve a variety of visual effects.

ARC 103 FREEHANDSKETCHING I (2 Units)

Sketching and architectural drawing from life. The course aims at developing graphic language by which an architect explains buildings and other objects to himself and others using dry media such as pencils, crayons etc. This course also enhances the students the opportunity to develop skills in sketching lines and curves freely.

ARC 104 FREEHANDSKETCHING II (2 Units)

Sketching and Architectural drawing from life objects.A continuation of freehand sketching with greater emphasis on quick sketching techniques using wet media such as water and poster colours, ink, etc. Sketching of different building structures with human beings and natural objects.

ARC 105 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE I (3 Units)

An introductory course to architecture stressing the architects role in the building industry, designs-aims tools; drawing and the various graphic communication media and reproduction equipment and materials; significant building in architecture and practitioners.Brief history of Architecture, definition of Architecture, who is an Architect? Design Process, skills and tools. The role of the architect and other professionals in the building industry.

ARC 106 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE II (2 Units)

Development of visual literacy through analysis of works of art. Principles of Art, Form, Meaning Context and Significance. Aesthetic analysis. Types of buildings, element of design, principle of design, Definition of Architectural Terms, Architectural models and Design Concept and development.

URP 103 NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2 Units)

Origin and growth of Settlements.Factors affecting the sitting and development of villages and towns.Effects of advances in science, technology, medicine and public hygiene.System of land tenure and land use and the philosophy of physical planning and new towns.The social and economic forces and their effects on a demand for shelter and means of movement.The assessment of demand, the control of development and the maintenance and improvement of the environment.

MEE 101 ENGINEERING DRAWING I (3 Units)

Plane Geometry; Tangency Construction; Orthogonal Projections, Conics and Simple Loci; Orthogonal drawing of simple Engineering components; Assembly and Machine Drawing; Projections of models in Technical Drawings; Freehand sketching and instrumental drawing.

MEE 102 WORSKSHOP PRACTICE (2 Units)

Safety Practices and Hazards. Testing of Engineering materials – metals and non-metals. Survey of the most important metals (Production, properties, classification, heat-treating and alloys). Casting forgoing and rolling, welding; sheet metalwork and chipping; machine Tools, workshop measurement, Fastening and joining techniques, Maintenance.

MTS 101 INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMTICS I (3 Units)

Elementary set theory, subsets, union, intersection, complements, Venn diagram. Real numbers; integers rational and irrational numbers, mathematical induction, real sequences and series, theory of quadratic equations, binomial theorem. Complex numbers, algebra of complex numbers; theArgand Diagram. Remoivre’s theorem, nth roots of unity.Circular measure, trigonometric functions of angles of any magnitude, addition and factors formula. Plane Geometry; Tangency Construction; Orthogonal Projections, conics and simple Loci; Orthogonal drawing of simple Engineering components; Assembly and Machine Drawing; Projections of models in Technical Drawings; Freehand sketching and instrumental drawing.

MTS 102 INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICS II (3 Units)

Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and idea of continuity. The derivative as limit of rate of change.Techniques of differentiation.Extreme curve sketching; integration as an inverse of differentiation.Methods of integration, Define integrals.Application to areas, volume, etc.

CSC 102 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING (3 Units)

History of Computers, functional components of Computers, Characteristics of a computer, problems solving; flow charts, Algorithms, Computer programming, statements, symbolic names; prays, subpoints, expressions and control statements. Introduction to BASIC OR FORTRAN programming language, Computer applications.

PHY 101 GENERAL PHYSICS I (Mechanics) (3 Units)

Space and Time, frames of reference, Units and dimensions, Kinematics: Fundamental laws of mechanics, statics and dynamics; Galileon invariance; Universal gravitation; work and energy, rotational dynamics and angular momentum, conservation laws.

PHY 102 GENERAL PHYSICS II (Electricity and Magnetism) (3 Units)

Electrostatics; conductors and current; dielectrics; magnetic field and induction; Maxwell’s equation; electromagnetic oscillations and waves; Applications.

PHY 107/108 GENRAL PHYSICS LABORATORY I/II (1 Unit)

This introductory course emphasizes quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors, and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques will be employed. The experiments include studies of meters, the oscilloscope, mechanical systems, electrical and mechanical resonant system, light, heat, viscosity etc. Covered in PHY 101 and PHY 102.

GNS 101 USE OF ENGLISHI (2 Units)

The sentence, structural and functional types, person and number. Concord. Tenses and the Verb, Modal Auxiliaries.Clauses (Functions), Oral/Written Comprehension.Summary Writing, Continuous Writing, Expository, Narrative, Description, Argumentative, Letter Writing, Faster Reading.Note Taking/Note Making.

GNS 102 USE OF ENGLISH II (2 Units)

Sentence Building, Vocabulary, Use of the Dictionary; Application. Word Order, Technical writing, Faster Reading Continued, Fundamentals of communication.

(a) Nature of Communication

(b) Oral Communication

(c) Written Communication.

GNS 103 INFORMATION LITERACY (Library) (1 Unit)

Libraries and the organization of knowledge.Types of libraries and the various forms of recorded knowledge.Organisation and retrieval of knowledge.Catalogues, classification schemes, etc.Practical use of the catalogues; information retrieval methods and techniques.Use and evaluation of information sources and tools; dictionaries, encyclopaedia etc.Serial publications, abstracts and indexes. Guide to the literature of specific subjects. Information gathering methods and project writing.Practical use of information sources and tools.

GNS 106 LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY (2 Units)

Symbolic logic, special symbols in symbolic logics, conjunctions negative, affirmations, equivalents and conditional statement.The low of thought, the method of deduction using role of and bi-conditionals and quantification theory.

ARC 201A ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN I (4 Units)

The main objectives are on the composition of forms and elements. Exploration of existing buildings (measured drawings) such as residential, church, mosque, primary school buildings etc.Selection of different element (or units) of a residential design e.g. kitchen, bedrooms, bathrooms, toilets etc.Furniture layout on plans, room elevation.Anthropometrics.Quick approach project to be introduced.

ARC 201B ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNII (4 Units)

Small scale projects such as simple residential designs, restaurants, kiosk, day-care centres, children playground, health clinics etc. Submission of drawings to include 3-dimensional projections (perspective and axonometry), space analysis determination of user population, circulation etc. Functional diagrams etc. Quick approach projects to be continued.

ARC 203 ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHICS I (2 Units)

A studio course in descriptive geometry, projections and the construction of shades and shadows including freehand drawing. Course objective is to teach two and three dimensional drawings and draw plans, elevations and sectional drawings.

ARC 204 ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHICS II (2 Units)

Presentation of architectural drawings. Emphasis on presentation and rendering techniques using wet media such as water and poster colour, ink, etc. Conventional, Indication and representations in drawings (varying line heights according to their importance, indication of materials and features with symbols.

ARC 205 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS 1 (3 Units)

A study of the elementary methods of construction with analysis of the wood frame and masonry construction types. Emphasis is on understanding techniques and materials as they affect the design process. Basic building components and their characteristics – timber, stones, bricks, cement and sand. Concrete and R. C. concrete, mortar and rendering. Elements and components of construction foundations, load bearing, walls, opening in walls, doors and windows, floors, simple roofs and finishes.

ARC 206 BUILDING MATERIALS I (3 Units)

Elements and components of construction.A study of the materials available for building with emphasis on their structure, properties, application and sustained performance over the life of a building.A study of traditional and locally available materials with emphasis on their application and potentials for use in contemporary buildings. Field trips are encouraged.

ARC 208 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREI (2 Units)

Introduction of the idea of architecture as a reflection of a given social order and as a generator of that order. A study of the generative principles of design as demonstrated by the evolution of architecture seen in its cultural, environmental and technical context using historical research, sources and techniques. Lectures will draw freely from historical structures of the Western Sudan, Egypt, Greece, Rome and other Asian and South American countries.

ARC 210 WORKSHOP PROCTICE (CRAFTS) (2 Units)

Introduction to basic manufacturing processor.Organisation of Workshop.Workshop hazard and safety practices and codes. Properties of Engineering materials Bench work and fitting. Introduction to turning exercises – straight and step turning, chamfering, screw cutting, milling and milling exercise. Drilling techniques and exercises.Properties of work. Woodwork and joinery exercise. Workshop measurements.

ARC 211 THEORY OF STRUCTURES I (2 Units)

Properties of materials – tensile, compressive, shear stresses and strains in simple structures.Stresses and deflections in beams, restrained and continuous beams. Introduction to the relationship between forms and structures. Contemporary trends in structural forms as basis for architectural forms and space.

ARC 212 THEORY OF STRUCTURES II (2 Units)

(Pre-requisite: ARC 211)

Basic statics and the application of statics to the determination of reactions, shears and moments.Stresses in trussed structures.Introduction to the analysis of statically indeterminate structures. The moment area theorems, conjugate beam and moment distribution.

QSV 201 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT & DESCRIPTION I (3 Units)

An introduction to the methods of communication of data within the construction industry and their relationship to the design and construction process- the bills of quantities, drawing etc. mechanics of construction measurement. Introduction to the use of standard method of measurement of construction works. Bill preparation processes. Bill format i.e. trade bill, elemental bills, operational bills, etc. Applied mensuration. Measurement of simple sub structural works.

QSV 202 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT & DESCRIPTION II (3 Units)

More examples of substructure works, especially pad, deep strip, raft foundation. Measurement of superstructure items, i.e. roof, doors and windows including ironmongery. Sport items, preliminary items, provisional sums, p.c. sums and the use of bill diagrams.

CSC 201 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING (3 Units)

Introduction to problem solving methods and algorithm development; designing, codering, debugging and documenting programming language style; computer organization, programming language and programming algorithm development. A widely used programming language should be used in teaching the above.

CSP 201 GENERAL AGRICULTURE (Theory) (1 Unit)

Importance and scope of agriculture.Land and its uses with particular reference to agriculture.introductory Crop Production. Agricultural ecology of Nigeria.Agronomy of some arable crops, Land preparations, Farm tools and machinery.Basic farm management Techniques.Fisheries and Wildlife Production.Forestry and Forest Productions.General Introduction to Livestock Production and Health.

CSP 210 GENERAL AGRICULTURE (Practical) (2 Units)

This will involve field plantings. Each student will be allocated a field plot for the planting and management of an arable crop.

GNS 201 MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT (2 Units)

Social Environment as an aspect of ecosystem. Man, society and culture. Social structures and institutions.The social structure of Nigeria.Social change and development.Technology and social change.Social and psychological consequences of change.Ethical revolution.Scope of politics.Political system in Nigeria.Comparative political culture.The Nigerian political system.Development of the Nigerian political constitution.Presidential system of Government.The structure and role of the Executive, the legislature and the judiciary.The problems of federalism in a multiethnic society and the quest for National unity.

PMT 210 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (3 Units)

Scope and methodology of Economic Study.Price mechanism. Demand and Supply.Theory of Production.Forms of Business organization.Market structures.Money and Banking.The National Income.International Trade.Economic growth and Development.The role of the Government in the Economy

GNS 203 NIGERIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE (3 Units)

An overview of African History and culture.Peoples of Africa.Their origins.Internal African migrations and the growth of cultures.Early empires in/western Sudan – and migration into Nigeria.African and external contracts.Islamic religion.Colonial policies and independent movement Pan-Africanism and the organization of African Unity.The Military in contemporary African policies.African languages and literature in Africa, a view of the universe.Art in traditional African culture.introduction to music in Africa. The performing art as a unifying factor in African culture. Decolonization and “cultural revival”

ARC 301A ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN III (5 Units)

(Pre-requisite ARC 201)

Introduction of Architectural Design Module. Major Project – Institutional and complex Design project. Minor Project – Housing Project. Each design option would involve carrying out of ease studies with proper analysis of existing situation. Emphasis on building design criteria.Presentation of individual design solutions. Project submission to include Brief (Project report), space analysis and schedule of accommodation, functional analysis etc. Students are to be introduced to conceptualization in architecture.

ARC 301B ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IV (Second Semester) (5 Units)

Major Project – Industrial Design

Minor Project – Rural Development

Brief collection, space analysis, schedule of accommodation, preparation of design guide, functional analysis, evolution of design concept for each of the two projects.

ARC 303: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN I (2 Units)

Introduction to Computer basics.Computer in Architecture.Operating Systems and introduction to hardware and different software.Exploring the Microsoft office: mode of documentation tool. Introduction to autoCAD software: the highly disciplined drawing tool.

Practicals: Mini design with production of all drawings with autoCAD in 2D

ARC 304 BUILDING STRUCTURES: REINFORCED CONCRETE DESING (3 Units)

Introduction to the theory and design of simple reinforced concrete structures: Development of elastic theory of R.C beams, slabs and columns. Understanding the behaviour of R.C structures and the development of graphic skills in the presentation of design results.

ARC 305 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND SERVICES (3 Units)

Building serves for small to medium, size projects. Cold and hot water supply mechanism and installation. Simple calculation of standard consumption, velocity demand and selection of plumbing fittings leading to complete design for cold and hot water supply.Surface water drainage, waste disposal and sanitary system.Principles of cooling and heating.

ARC 306 RURAL SURVEY AND PLANNING (2Units)

Theories of rural land –use. Economics of land-use decisions in rural areas. Agriculture and its classification system in rural areas. Topography of land-use in rural areas. Public goods provisions, infrastructures and institutions in rural areas. Community development and self-help projects. Rural landscape evaluation and impact assessment. Problems of securing land for development in rural areas. The practical section is directed toward accurate documentation of existing traditional technology and skills, critical analysis of architectural issues of historical social or cultural significance. Emphasis is on clear writing and effective graphics as means of communicating information and ideas.

ARC 307 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE II (2 Units)

A study of ancient architecture of Greece and Rome ending with the Romanesque period. Emphasis is on the form and content of the architecture and the forces responsible.

ARC 308 BUILDING MATERIAL II (2 Units)

Definition of basic concepts and properties. Materials of construction and their various forms.Properties and uses.Sand and stone, laterite and earth construction.The ferrous products and steel. Non-ferrous metals and uses in building components and finishes. Aluminium properties and use. Cement manufacture and types. Sancrete and concrete blocks; production and use reinforced concrete. Glass and glazing plastics, rubbers and related products.Bituminous product.Adhesives, Wall-tiling and mosaics. Tin, surface finishes; paints, vanishes and sprays (types and application). A study of traditional and locally available material with emphasis on their application and potentials for use in contemporary buildings, field trips are encouraged.

ARC 309 Applied Climatology &Climate Change in Architecture (2 Units)

Studies in low climatic factors affect human comfort. Identification and analysis of climate problems in the design process. Sun position and its representation by solar charts, sun path diagrams and the construction of sun angles.Design of sun-shading devices and their construction using sun-path diagram and the construction of sun angles.The applications of the computer in climatic surveys and the design process.Climate change and its effects on the built environment. Its causes and impacts; mitigation, adaptation and Role of Architecture.

URP 201 BASIC ELEMENTS OF PLANNING (2 Units)

Study of planning models process; Description of models currently in existence to be examined in relation with the needs of man; study of the process of generating and transforming Urban and Regional Structure in the global system; analysis of city structures and urban systems.

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URP 310 URBAN DESIGN THEORY (3 Units)

The traditional planning process. Review of the case studies of urban development programme. Process of formulation of goals and objectives. Process of plan formulation and evaluation; Need for public processes in programme implementation; Emerging regulations that shape both private and public urban development; zoning system; issues of implementation procedures and programmes of major towns and cities in Nigeria e.g. Lagos, Kaduna, Ibadan, Kano, the Federal Capital Territory (F.C.T.).

QSV 201 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION I (3 Units)

An introduction to the methods of communication of data within the construction industry and their relationship to the design and construction processes; the Bill of Quantities, Drawing etc. Introduction to the use of standard method of management of building and civil engineering works; Bill preparation processes; Bill format i.e. trade bill, elemental bills, operational bills and approximate bills. Applied measurement of simple sub-structural works.

ARC 310 BUILDING ECONOMICS I (2 Units)

Introduction to development Economics, the construction economy, research and development; its relationship to the National Economy, Nature and Scope of development projects; factors affecting the supply and demand for landed property; land use patterns, property values, premium, rental values, service changes and operating cost; valuation methods, construction of valuation tables, control development and development planning, planning activities, public development, Aims of private and public developers, developers budget.

ARC 312 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND METHODS II (3 Units)

Elements and components of construction. Load-bearing elements, partitions, staircases and ramps, intermediate floors, ceiling, roofs, internal and external finishes and aspects of traditional or vernacular construction.

Principles of building construction treated in greater depth. Construction detailing as required in working drawings. Advanced foundation types, retaining walls, tanking and basements.

Methods of building and component design. Dimentsional coordination, external walls and ceilings. Panel and curtain-walling. Internal Partitioning systems. Timber wall-framing and construction, Roof training and construction. Staircase construction and detailing in timber, concrete and steel.

ARC 401 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN V (6 units)

Student at this level are being prepared to understand and tackle societal problems. Hence the need for a comprehensive design package.

• Urban Renewal Scheme - meant to expose them to the problems with the aim of finding appropriate solutions to them.

• Urban Design Project

• Minor scheme.

Along with Urban Design Project, a major scheme such as a shopping centre, primary school design, health centre, Post Office or residential design scheme will be carried out in this semester.

In Urban design Project, emphasis will be on Redevelopment, Renovation, Conservation and Preservation.

ARC 402 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ASSESSED BY INDUSTRIAL BASED SUPERVISORS (4 Units)

Students are attached to industries, firm research station etc with a view to making students develop more skill in their various discipline and providing additional opportunity for students to learn to write field reports. Students are supervised during the training period and shall be expected to keep log-books and other records designed for the purpose of monitoring students’ performance.

ARC 403 LANDSCAPE THEORY AND DESIGN (2 Unit)

Elements of landscape design. Study of architectural interiors and landscape.The use of natural elements in landscape design. The course is designed to develop general appreciation of natural and man-made landscape and to sensitise the student in designing with nature.

ARC 404 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ASSESSED BY INDUSTRIAL BASED SUPERVISORS (4 units)

ARC 404 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ASSESSED BY FUTA SUPERVISORS (4units)

ARC 405 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND METARIALS III (3 Units)

Advanced study of building components their design and detailing methods. A careful and detailed consideration of the structure, finishing, thermal and moisture control, Emphasis is on masonry and timber structures.

Arc 406 STUDENTS’ REPORT AND SEMINAR PRESENTATION (4 Units)

ARC 407 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III (2Units)

(Pre-requisite: ARC 308)

Study of the predisposing causes and strands of idea leading to the development of modern architecture. An examination of the various theoretical positions and the theoreticians of modern architecture in Nigeria and some selected developing nations.

ARC 409 BUILDING SERVICES II (2 Units)

Basic principles of artificial lighting. Space geometry and light service distribution. Electrical installation, service units and ring main. Non-domestic installations, voltage drops, and rising main distribution. Illumination; Basic principles and illumination standard light distributors.

ARC 411 BUILDING STRUCTURES: Steel and Timber Design (3 Units)

Timber Design (Pre-requisite: ARC 211, 212)

Application of principles of structural design and analysis of members used in contemporary timber and steel-frame buildings.Design of beam girders and trusses.Welded and riveted connections, columns, bearing plates, etc. Theories of wind braces and effect on building design.

ARC 413 BEHAVIOURAL ARCHITECTURE (1 Unit)

This investigation of behavioural models that have been applied to design by other disciplines such as anthrology, psychology and sociology. The development of Environmental Psychology, Architectural and Environmental Psychology. The design process, and the uses of environmental psychology. The thermal environment, the acoustic environment. Building evaluation. Obstacles to the use of results from Environmental Psychology research. Using photographic and drawing tolls, elements and setting to offer support for human capacity and behaviour through cultural interpretation.

ARC 415: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN II - Proposed (2 Units)

Exploring all the interface on autoCAD software. Application of autoCAD on recent school projects. Printing and Plotting in autoCAD: pen assignment. Exploring the rendering facilities in autoCAD. Exploring the use of software in drawing such as Revit, ArchiCAD, Sketchup and their applications. Practicals: Minor and Major design with any of the softwares.

QSV 403 CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS (3 Units)

Income and Expenditure control in building processes. Choice and acquisition of sites and their effects and development, source of funds for development, public investment, mortgage financing, development bounds, loans grants, subsidy and taxation. Introduction to cost control; meaning of cost control system, the need for cost control, aims of most control. Design economics - cost implication of design variables and construction methods. Preliminary estimates, methods of preparing approximate estimates. Establishment of cost targets.

ARC 501A ADVANCED DESIGN STUDIO I (Pre-requisite ARC 401) (6 Units)

Major – Mass Housing Project

Minor - Rural/Traditional Architecture

A typical housing scheme for a fairly large population is to be worked upon based on different housing concepts for the major project. Submission requirements include the various stages of sketch design, working drawings, details, presentation drawings and other necessary requirements. It is a sessional scheme. The minor project would be a study of existing buildings or traditional architectural types with particular reference to organisation and use of space, types and material usage as well as constructional techniques.Such building may include residences, palaces, churches, mosque etc. A synthesis of traditional concepts and contemporary values should be focused upon in the study. Alternatively, students may be required to design one or more communal facilities to be provided in the housing scheme, which is the subject of the major project.

ARC 501B ADVANCED DESIGN STUDIO II (Second Semester) (6 Units)

Mass Housing Project

This is a continuation of the major project of the first semester, which is Mass housing.

ARC 503 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND METHODS IV (3 Units)

Medium to high-rise buildings in framed concrete or steel structures. Emphasis is on integration of structural, mechanical and lighting system. Fire-fighting is buildings and precautionary measures. Sound control and sound insulation in buildings. Inter-relation of technological choices and design, structure is architecture. The challenge of space enclosures and spanning the relation to architectural form in history.Basic modes of force transfer and corresponding elements of structural form. Discussion of physical, structural and form characteristics of a wide variety of structural types such as cables membrane, shells, arches, domes, trusses, slabs, folded plates, beams, frame and grids. A non-mathematics, intuitive and qualitative approach to architectural structures.

ARC 504 COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF BUILT FORM (2 Units)

(Pre-requisite: ARC 407)

Comparative analysis is used as a means of revealing the explicit and implicit intent in the design of the built form. Case Studies will be drawn from traditional and contemporary sources to reveal the built form as embodiments and expressions of differing conditions of nature, use, technology and value. The aim of the course is to reveal through comparative analysis the capacity of the built form to express meaning, to sensitize the student designer to the subtle significances in special organization and detailing and to see design as cultural phenomenon.

ARC 505 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IV (2 Units)

Review of the development of modern Architecture since 1900. Examination of the various theoretical propositions that have formed the new Architecture in the West European countries and America. The works of various masters are studied in detail and compared so as to understand the modern trend in architecture. Post-modern Architecture also to be examined.A critical appraisal of the theory and practice of contemporary